1. 'The Effect of Different Heat Treatments on the Luminescence Efficiency of Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes',

    2. T.-W. Lee and O. O. Park,
    Adv. Mater.  12, 801 (2000).
     
  2. 'Improving the performance of conjugated polymer-based devices by control of interchain interactions and polymer film morphology',

    3. T.-Q. Nguyen, R. C. Kwong, M. E. Thompson, and B. J. Schwartz,
    Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2454 (2000).
     
  3. 'Effect of temperature on the spectral line-narrowing in MEH-PPV',

    4. A. K. Sheridan, J. M. Lupton, I. D. W. Samuel, and D. D. C. Bradley,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 322, 51 (2000).
     
  4. 'Experimental and theoretical investigations of absorption and emission spectra of the light-emitting polymer MEH-PPV in solution',

    5. R. Chang, J. H. Hsu, W. S. Fann, K. K. Liang, C. H. Chang, M. Hayashi, J. Yu, S. H. Lin, E. C. Chang, K. R. Chuang, and S. A. Chen,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 317, 142 (2000).
     
  5. 'Effect of Controlled Stretching on the Luminescence of Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexoxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] in Dilute Solution in Poly(vinyl chloride) and Poly(vinyl acetate)',

    6. G. Yang, Y. Li, A. Zhu, J. O. White, and H. G. Drickamer,
    Macromolecules 33, 3173 (2000).
     
  6. 'Synthesis and Characterization of Highly soluble Phenyl-Substituted Poly(p-phenylenevinylenes)',

    7. D. M. Johansson, G. Srdanov, G. Yu, M. Theander, O. Inganäs, and M. R. Andersson,
    Macromolecules 33, 2525 (2000).
     
  7. 'MEH-PPV: Improved Synthetic Procedure and Molecular Weight Control',

    8. C. J. Neef and J. P. Ferraris,
    Macromolecules 33, 2311 (2000).
     
  8. 'Collapse of stiff conjugated polymers with chemical defects into orderd, cylindrical conformations',

    9. D. Hu, J. Yu, K. Wong, B. Bagchi, P. J. Rossky, and P. F. Barbara,
    Nature 405, 1030 (2000).
     
  9. 'Effects of interchain interactions, poarization anisotropy, and photo-oxidation on the ultrafast photoluminescence decay from a polyfluorene',

    10. L. M. Herz and R. T. Phillips,
    Phys. Rev. B. 61, 13691 (2000).
     
  10. 'Origin of line broadening in the electronic absorption spectra of conjugated polymers: Three-pulse-echo studies of MEH-PPV in toluene',

    11. G. D. Scholes, D. S. Larsen, G. R. Fleming, G. Rumbles, and P. L. Burn,
    Phys. Rev. B. 61, 13670 (2000).
     
  11. 'Singlet and Triplet Exciton Formation Rates in Conjugated Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes',

    12. Z. Shuai, D. Beljonne, R. J. Silbey, and J. L. Brédas,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 131 (2000).
     
  12. 'A convenient synthetic route to poly(p-phenylene-1,2-diphenylvinylenes)'

    13. D. M. Johansson, M. Theander, O. Inganäs, and M. R. Andersson,
    Synth. Met. 113, 293 (2000).
     
  13. 'Halogens as trace compounds in polymeric light-emitting diodes'

    14. G. Andersson, H. H. Brongersma, A. W. D. van der Gon, and L. J. van IJzendoorn,
    Synth. Met. 113, 245 (2000).
     
  14. 'High PL quantum efficiency of  poly(phenylene vinylene) systems through exciton confinement'

    15. R. G. Sun, Y.Z. Wang, D. K. Wang, Q. B. Zheng, E. M. Kyllo, T. L. Gustafson, F. Wang, and A. J. Epstein,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 595 (2000).
     
  15. 'Stimulated emission in the blue wavelength region from a copolymer containing PPV segment'

    16. X. Y. Liu, S. M. Wang, L. J. Wang, Y. Liu, J. M. Zhao, D. J. Wu, Y. Q. Ning, S. L. Wu, C. J. Liang, D. X. Zhao, Z. R. Hong, D. Zhao, L. X. Wang, X. B. Jing, F. S. Wang, J. B. Peng, W. L. Li, and J. Q. Yu,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 571 (2000).
     
  16. 'Birefringence and dispersion of the light emitting polymer MEH-PPV'

    17. A. Boudrioua, P. A. Hobson, B. Matterson, I. D. W. Samuel, and W. L. Barnes,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 545 (2000).
     
  17. 'A theoretical and experimental study of cyano- and alkoxy-substituted phenylenevinylene model compounds'

    18. M. M. de Souza, G. Rumbles, L. R. Gould, H. Amer, L. D. W. Samuel, S. C. Moratti, and A. B. Holmes,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 539 (2000).
     
  18. 'Electronic levels in MEH-PPV'

    19. P. Stallinga, H. L. Gomes, H. Rost, A. B. Holmes, M. G. Harrison, and R. H. Friend,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 535 (2000).
     
  19. 'Temperature dependence of the spectral line narrowing and photoluminescence of MEH-PPV'

    20. A. K. Sheridan, J. M. Lupton, I. D. W. Samuel, and D. D. C. Bradley,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 531 (2000).
     
  20. 'Photophysical studies on nanostructured PPV-system'

    21. C. Gadermaier, E. J. W. List, P. Markart, W. Graupner, J. Partee, J. Shinar, R. Smith, D. Gin, and G. Leising,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 523 (2000).
     
  21. 'Stimulated emission in poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) film'

    22. S. V. Frolov and Z. V. Vardeny,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 507 (2000).
     
  22. 'Photoluminescence studies of solution thermochromism in a cyano-subsituted phenylene vinylene derivative'

    23. G. Rumbles, C. J. Collison, D. L. Russell, L. A. Magnani, A. B. Holmes, S. C. Moratti, and I. D. W. Samuel,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 501 (2000).
     
  23. 'Ultrafast stimulated emission dynamics in poly(p-phenylenevinyelene)'

    24. K. S. Wong, C. W. Lee, J. D. Huang, S. V. Frolov, and Z. V. Vardeny,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 497 (2000).
     
  24. 'A novel oligomer poly(phenylene vinylene) derivative containing oxadiazole segment'

    25. X. Yang, Y. Hua, S. Yin, Z. Wang, Y. Hou, Z. Xu, X. Xu, J. Peng, and W. Li,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 455 (2000).
     
  25. 'Synthesis of an oligo(phenylenevinylene)-bridged phthalocyanine dimer'

    26. R. Jung, K.-H. Schweikart, and M. Hanack,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 453 (2000).
     
  26. 'Luminescence properties of PPV-based copolymers with crown ether substituents'

    27. J. Morgado, F. Cacialli, R. H. Friend, V. S. Chuah, S. C. Moratti, and A. B. Holmes,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 449 (2000).
     
  27. 'Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) of a poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Schottky diode'

    28. A. J. Campbell, D. D. C. Bradley, E. Werner, and W. Brütting,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 273 (2000).
     
  28. 'Size dependence of electroluminescence of nanoparticle (rutile-TiO2) dispersed MEH-PPV films'

    29. Y. K. Kim, K. Y. Lee, O. K. Kwon, D. M. Shin, B. C. Sohn, and J. H. Choi,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 207 (2000).
     
  29. 'Poly(p phenylene vinylene)/prorous silicon light emitting diodes'

    30. T. P. Nguyen, M. Lakehal, P. Le Rendu, P. Joubert, and P. Destruel,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 199 (2000).
     
  30. 'Polarized electroluminescence from rubbing-aligned poly(p-phenylenevinylene)'

    31. M. Jandke, P. Strohriegl, J. Gmeiner, W. Brütting, and M. Schwoerer,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 177 (2000).
     
  31. 'Impedance spectroscopy of  polymeric light emitting devices based on different poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) derivatives'

    32. S. Forero-Lenger, J. Gmeiner, W. Brütting, and M. Schwoerer,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 165 (2000).
     
  32. 'Blue light-emitting diodes from a meta-linked 2,3 substituted alkoxy poly(p-phenylenevinylene)'

    33. F. Cacialli, B. S. Chuah, R. H. Friend, S. C. Moratti, and A. B. Holmes,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 155 (2000).
     
  33. 'Development of high performance PPVs: implications of the polymer-microstructure'

    34. H. Becker, O. Gelsen, E. Kluge, W. Kreuder, H. Schenk, and H. Spritzer,
    Synth. Met. 111-112, 145 (2000).
     
  34. 'Optical excitations in PPV aggregates',

    35. S. Yokojima, X. J. Wang, and G. H. Chen,
    Thin Solid Films 363, 191 (2000).
     
  35. 'The effect of pressure on the luminescence of Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl hexoxy)--p-phenylene vinylene] [MEH--PPV] in two copolymers of vinylchloride',

    36. Y. Li, G. Yang, A. Zhu, and H. G. Drickamer,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 310, 259 (1999).
     
  36. 'H- and J-aggregates of conjugated polymers and oligomers

    37. A theoretical investigation',
    S. Siddiqui, F. C. Spano,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 308, 99 (1999).
     
  37. 'Localized-density-matrix, segment-molecular-orbitals and poly(p-phenylenevinylene) aggregates',

    38. S. Yokojima, X. J. Wang, D. H. Zhou, and G. H. Chen,
    J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10444 (1999).
     
  38. 'On the nature of electronic excitations in poly(paraphenylenevinylene):

    39. A quantum-chemical investigation',
    D. Beljonne, Z. Shuai, J Cornil, D. A. dos Santos, and J. L. Brédas
    J. Chem. Phys. 111, 2829 (1999).
     
  39. 'Conjugated polymer aggregates in solution: Control of interchain interactions',

    40. T.-Q. Nguyen, V. Doan, and B. J. Schwartz,
    J. Chem. Phys. 110, 4068 (1999).
     
  40. 'Aggregation Quenching of Luminescence in Electroluminescent Conjugated Polymers',

    41. R. Jakubiak, C. J. Collison, W. C. Wan, L. J. Rothberg, and B. R. Hsieh,
    J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 2394 (1999).
     
  41. 'Fluorescence of Poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexoxy)--p-phenylene vinylene]. Effect of Pressure in a Variety of Solid Polymeric Media',

    42. G. Yang, Y. Li, J. O. White, and H. G. Drickamer,
    J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 7853 (1999).
     
  42. 'Effect of Pressure on the Fluorescence of Poly[2-methoxy-5(2-ethylhexoxy)--p-Phenylenevinylene]',

    43. G. Yang, Y. Li, J. O. White, and H. G. Drickamer,
    J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 5181 (1999).
     
  43. 'Optical Properties of Poly(Para-Phenylenes) under High Pressure',

    44. S. Guha, W. Graupner, S. Yang, M. Chandrasekhar, H. R. Chandrasekhar, and G. Leising,
    phys. stat. sol. (b) 211, 177 (1999).
     
  44. 'Charge- and energy-transfer processes at polymer/polymer interfaces: A joint experimental and theoretical study',

    45. J. J. M. Halls, J. Cornil, D. A. dos Santos, R. Silbey, H.-H. Hwang, A. B. Holmes, J. L. Brédas, and R. H. Friend,
    Phys. Rev. B 60, 5721 (1999).
     
  45. 'Linear and nonlinear optical properties of the conjugated polymers PPV and MEH-PPV',

    46. S. J. Martin, D. D. C. Bradley, P. A. Lane, H. Mellor, and P. L. Burn,
    Phys. Rev. B 59, 15133 (1999).
     
  46. 'Theoretical investigation of the geometric and optical properties of neutral and charged oligophenylenes',

    47. E. Zojer, J. Cornil, G. Leising, and J. L. Brédas,
    Phys. Rev. B 59, 7957 (1999).
     
  47. 'Electronic structure of conjugated polymers: consequences of electron-lattice coupling',

    48. W. R. Salaneck, R. H. Friend, and J. L. Brédas,
    Phys. Rep. 319, 231 (1999).
     
  48. 'Intra- and inter-molecular photoexcitations in a cyano-substituted poly(p-phenylenevinylene)',

    49. I. D. W. Samuel, G. Rumbles, C. J. Collison, S. C. Moratti, and A. B. Holmes,
    Chem. Phys. 227, 75 (1998).
     
  49. 'Ultrafast gain and excited-state absorption in luminescent polymers: pump-wavelength invariance',

    50. D. Vacar, A. Dogariu, and A. J. Heeger,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 290, 58 (1998).
     
  50. 'Influence of Interchain Interaction on the Absorption and Luminescence of Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers: A Quantum-Chemical Characterization',

    51. J. Cornil, D. A. dos Santos, X. Crispin, R. Silbey, and J. L. Brédas,
    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 1289 (1998).
     
  51. 'Absorption and spontaneous emission in aggregates of conjugated polymers',

    52. E. S. Manas and F. C. Spano,
    J. Chem. Phys. 109, 8087 (1998).
     
  52. 'Charge separation in localized and delocalized electronic states in polymeric semiconductors',

    53. A. Köhler, D. A. dos Santos, D. Beljonne, Z. Shuai, J.-L. Brédas, A. B. Holmes, A. Kraus, K. Müllen, and R. H. Friend,
    Nature 392, 903 (1998).
     
  53. 'Highly mobile electrons and holes on isolated chains of the semiconducting polymer poly(phenylene vinylene)',

    54. R. J. O. M. Hoofman, M. P. de Haas, L. D. A. Siebbeles, and J. M. Warman,
    Nature 392, 54 (1998).
     
  54. 'Excimers in lignt-emitting conjugated polymers',

    55. H.-F. Meng,
    Phys. Rev. B 58, 3888(1998).
     
  55. 'Mean free time for excimer light emission in conjugated polymers',

    56. E. M. Conwell,
    Phys. Rev. B 57, 14200 (1998).
     
  56. 'Mesoscale optical properties of conjugated polymers probed by near-field scanning optical microscopy',

    57. J. A. DeAro, K. D. Weston, S. K. Buratto, and U. Lemmer,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 277, 532 (1997).
     
  57. 'Electroabsorption spectroscopy of luminescent and nonluminescent -conjugated polymers',

    58. M. Liess, S. Jeglinski, Z. V. Vardeny, M. Ozaki, K. Yoshino, Y. Ding, and T. Barton,
    Phys. Rev. B 56, 15712 (1997).
     
  58. 'Effect of interchain coupling on conducting polymer luminescence: Excimers in derivatives of poly(phenylene vinylene)',

    59. M. W. Wu and E. M. Conwell,
    Phys. Rev. B 56, 10060 (1997).
     
  59. 'Intensity-dependent relaxation dynamics and the nature of the excited-state species in solid-state conducting polymers',

    60. E. S. Maniloff, V. I. Klimov, and D. W. McBranch,
    Phys. Rev. B 56, 1876 (1997).
     
  60. 'Coulomb interactions and linear, nonlinear, and triplet absorption in poly(para-phenylenevinylene)',

    61. M. Chandross and S. Mazumdar,
    Phys. Rev. B 55, 1497 (1997).
     
  61. 'Optical absorption in the substituted phenylene-based conjugated polymers: Theory and experiment',

    62. M. Chandross, S. Mazumdar, M. Liess, P. A. Lane, Z. V. Vardeny, M. Hamaguchi, and K. Yoshino,
    Phys. Rev. B 55, 1486 (1997).
     
  62. 'Factors Influencing Stimulated Emission from Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)',

    63. G. J. Denton, N. Tessler, N. T. Harrison, and R. H. Friend,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 733 (1997).
     
  63. 'Ultrafast dynamics of photoexcitations in conjugated polymers',

    64. G. R. Hayes, I. D. W. Samuel, and R. T. Phillips,
    Synth. Met. 84, 889 (1997).
     
  64. 'Picosecond Time-Resolved Photoluminescence of PPV Derivatives',

    65. I. D. W. Samuel, G. Rumbles, C. J. Collison, R. H. Friend, S. C. Moratti, and A. B. Holmes,
    Synth. Met. 84, 497 (1997).
     
  65. 'Intermolecular electronic coherences and local field effects in optical spectra of PPV-oligomer dimers',

    66. T. Wagersreiter and S. Mukamel,
    Chem. Phys. 210, 171 (1996).
     
  66. 'Luminescent behavior of soluble poly(para-phenylene vinylene)',

    67. B. J. Sun, Y.-J. Miao, G. C. Bazan, and E. M. Conwell,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 260, 186 (1996).
     
  67. 'Polaron Pair Formation, Migration, and Decay on Photoexcited Poly(phenylenevinylene)',

    68. G. H. Gelinck, J. M. Warman, and E. G. J. Staring,
    J. Phys. Chem. 100, 5485 (1996).
     
  68. 'Ultrafast high-energy luminescence in a high-electron-affinity conjugated polymer',

    69. G. R. Hayes, I. D. W. Samuel, and R. T. Phillips,
    Phys. Rev. B 54, 8301 (1996).
     
  69. 'Interchain photoluminescence in poly(phenylene vinylene) derivatives',

    70. E. M. Conwell, J. Perlstein, and S. Shaik,
    Phys. Rev. B 54, 2308 (1996).
     
  70. 'Site-selective fluorescence studies of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and its derivatives',

    71. N. T. Harrison, D. R. Baigent, I. D. W. Samuel, R. H. Friend, A. C. Grimsdale, S. C. Moratti, and A. B. Holmes,
    Phys. Rev. B 53, 15815 (1996).
     
  71. 'Dynamics of Long-Lived Polarons in Poly(para-phenylene)-Type Ladder Polymers',

    72. W. Graupner, J. Partee, J. Shinar, G. Leising, and U. Scherf,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2033 (1996).
     
  72. 'Singlet Intrachain Exciton Generation and Decay in Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)',

    73. N. T. Harrison, G. R. Hayes, R. T. Phillips, and R. H. Friend,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1881 (1996).
     
  73. 'Absorption, luminescence and Raman spectroscopy of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) at high pressure',

    74. S. Webster and D. N. Batchelder,
    Polymer 37, 4961 (1996).
     
  74. 'Luminescence effeciency and time dependence in a high electron affinity conjugated polymer',

    75. I. D. W. Samuel, G. Rumbles, C. J. Collison, B. Crystall, S. C. Moratti, and A. B. Holmes,
    Synth. Met. 76, 15 (1996).
     
  75. 'Aggregate fluorescence in conjugated polymers',

    76. U. Lemmer, S. Heun, R. F. Mahrt, U. Scherf, M. Hopmeier, U. Siegner, E. O. Göbel, K. Müllen, and H. Bässler,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 240, 373 (1995).
     
  76. 'Efficient interchain photoluminescence in a high-electron-affinity conjugated polymer',

    77. I. D. W. Samuel, G. Rumbles, and C. J. Collison,
    Phys. Rev. B 52, 11573 (1995).
     
  77. 'Exciton dynamics in electroluminescent polymers studied by femtosecond time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy',

    78. G. R. Hayes, I. D. W. Samuel, and R. T. Phillips,
    Phys. Rev. B 52, 11569 (1995).
     
  78. 'Photogeneration of polaron pairs in conducting polymers',

    79. E. M. Conwell and H. A. Mizes,
    Phys. Rev. B 51, 6953 (1995).
     
  79. 'Interchain Excitations in Conjugated Polymers',

    80. M. Yan, L. J. Rothberg, E. W. Kwock, and T. M. Miller,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1992 (1995).
     
  80. 'A High Efficiency Blue-Light-Emitting Diode Based on Novel Ladder Poly(p-phenylene)s',

    81. J. Grüner, P. J. Hamer, R. H. Friend, H.-J. Huber, U. Scherf, and A. B. Holmes,
    Adv. Marer. 6, 748 (1994);
     
  81. 'Spectral Effects of Exciton Splitting in "Statistical Pairs"',

    82. R. S. Knox,
    J. Phys. Chem. 98, 7270 (1994).
     
  82. 'Photoinduced charge transfer in poly(p-phenylene vinylene)',

    83. H. A. Mizes and E. M. Conwell,
    Phys. Rev. B 50, 11243 (1994).
     
  83. 'Dynamics of singlet excitations in conjugated polymers: Poly(phenylenevinylene) and poly(phenylphenylenevinylene)',

    84. B. Mollay, U. Lemmer, R. Kersting, R. F. Mahrt, H. Kurz, H. F. Kauffmann, and H. Bässler,
    Phys. Rev. B 50, 10769 (1994).
     
  84. 'Leng et al. Reply:',

    85. J. M. Leng, S. Jeglinski, X. Wei, R. E. Benner, Z. V. Vardeny, F. Guo, and S. Mazumdar,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3180 (1994).
     
  85. 'Comment on "Optical Probes of Excited States in Poly(p-Phenylenvinylene)"',

    86. E. M. Conwell, L. J. Rothberg, and H. A. Mizes,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3179 (1994).
     
  86. 'Spatially Indirect Excitons as Primary Photoexcitations in Conjugated Polymers',

    87. M. Yan, L. J. Rothberg, F. Papadimitrakopoulos, M. E. Galvin, and T. M. Miller,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1104 (1994).
     
  87. 'Excimers and Exciplexes of Conjugated Polymers',

    88. S. A. Jenekhe and J. A. Osaheni,
    Science 265, 765 (1994).
     
  88. 'The efficiency and time-dependence of luminescence from poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and derivatives',

    89. I. D. W. Samuel, B. Crystall, G. Rumbles, P. L. Burn, A. B. Holmes, and R. H. Friend,
    Chem. Phys. Lett. 213, 472 (1993).
     
  89. 'Time-resolved photoluminescence from poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene-vinylene]: Solutions, gels, films, and blends',

    90. L. Smilowitz, A. Hays, A. J. Heeger, G. Wang, and J. E. Bowers,
    J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6504 (1993).
     
  90. 'Optical spectroscopy of highly ordered poly(p-phenylene vinylene)',

    91. K. Pichler, D. A. Halliday, D. D. C. Bradley, P. L. Burn, R. H. Friend, and A. B. Holmes,
    J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 5, 7155 (1993).
     
  91. 'First-principles calculation of the three-dimensional band structure of poly(phenylene vinylene)',

    92. P. Gomes da Costa, R. G. Dandrea, and E. M. Conwell,
    Phys. Rev. B 47, 1800 (1993).
     
  92. 'Femtosecond Energy Relaxation in -Conjugated Polymers',

    93. R. Kersting, U. Lemmer, R. F. Mahrt, K. Leo, H. Kurz, H. Bässler, and E. O. Göbel,
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3820 (1993).
     
  93. 'Extended -conjugation in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) from a chemically modified precursor polymer',

    94. D. A. Halliday, P. L. Burn, R. H. Friend, D. D. C. Bradley, A. B. Holmes, and A. Kraft,
    Synth. Met. 55-57, 954 (1993).
     
  94. 'Time-resolved luminescence measurements in poly(p-phenylenevinylene)',

    95. I. D. W. Samuel, B. Crystall, G. Rumbles, P. L. Burn, A. B. Holmes, and R. H. Friend,
    Synth. Met. 54, 281 (1993).
     
  95. 'Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers',

    96. G. Gustafsson, Y. Gao, G. M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri, and A. J. Heeger
    Nature 357, 477 (1992);
     
  96. 'Polaron-pair generation in poly(phenylene vinylenes)',

    97. E. L. Frankevich, A. A. Lymarev, I. Sokolik, F. E. Karasz, S. Blumstengel, R. H. Baughman, and H. H. Hörhold,
    Phys. Rev. B 46, 9320 (1992).
     
  97. 'Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers',

    98. J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. H. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burns, and A. B. Holems,
    Nature 347, 539 (1990);
     
  98. 'Exciton versus band description of the absorption and luminescence spectra in poly(p-phenylenevinylene)',

    99. U. Rauscher, H. Bässler, D. D. C. Bradley, and M. Hennecke,
    Phys. Rev. B 42, 9830 (1990).
     
  99. `Photo-excitation in conjugated polymers',

    100. R. H. Friend, D. D. C. Bradley, and P. D. Townsend,
    J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 20 1367 (1987).
     
  100. 'Enhancement of Phosphorescence Ability upon Aggregation of Dye Molecules',

    101. E. G. McRae and M. Kasha,
    J. Chem. Phys. 28, 721 (1958).